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1 самостоятельная сделка
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2 идея
idea, notion, concept• (Все) эти теории имеют общую идею (= концепцию), что... - These theories have in common the idea that...• Безусловно, читатель знаком с идеей, что... - The reader is no doubt familiar with the idea that...• В третьей главе мы увидим другое обобщение той же основной идеи. - In Chapter 3 we shall meet another generalization of the same basic idea.• Важно уметь применять идею (= концепцию)... - It is important that we be able to apply the concept of...• Введенные в этой главе идеи подведут нас ближе к... - The ideas introduced in this chapter will bring us closer to...• Вернемся кратко к идее (чего-л). - Let us return briefly to the idea of...• Высказанные ранее идеи теперь могут быть обобщены. - The preceding ideas can now be generalized.• Дальнейшее рассуждение затем привело бы к идее... - Further argument would then lead to the idea of...• Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...• Идея состоит в следующем. - The idea is as follows.• Имеется мнжество подтверждений идеи, что... - There is a great deal of evidence for the idea that...• Имеется много других примеров, иллюстрирующих основную идею (чего-л). - There are many other examples which illustrate the basic idea of...• Лежащая в основе этого идея состоит в том, что... - The underlying idea is that...• Лежащие в основе (этого) идеи настолько просты, что... - The ideas involved here are so simple that...• Много идей было выдвинуто для объяснения... - Many ideas were put forward to explain...• Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...• Многие идеи, рассматриваемые в данной главе, (являются)... - Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter are...• Мы будем предполагать, что читатель обладает очевидной интуитивной идеей... - We shall assume that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...• Мы могли бы обобщить эти идеи. - We may extend these ideas.• Мы можем обобщить эту идею, вводя... - We can generalize this idea by introducing...• Мы можем также использовать (= приложить) здесь идею... - We may also apply the concept of...• На самом деле, подобные неопределенные идеи ничего нам не говорят. - Such vague ideas really tell us nothing.• Проще всего понять эту идею можно, рассматривая... - The idea is most easily understood by examining...• Один из ответов на данный вопрос находится в идее... - One answer to this question lies in the concept of...• Однако в общем случае эта идея имеет небольшую область приложений. - However, this idea has little application in general.• Основная идея состоит в том, что... - The basic idea is that...• Основной идеей этого параграфа является то, что... - The main idea of this section is that...• Основные идеи, намеченные в данном параграфе, могут быть проиллюстрированы (чем-л). - The points made in this section can be illustrated by...• Полная идея становится точной (путем, если и т. п.)... - The whole idea is made precise by...• Последняя идея потеряла большую часть своей значимости, потому что... - The latter idea lost much of its significance because...• Похоже, что большинство физиков одобряет идею, что... - Most physicists seem to accept the notion that...• Предыдущее обсуждение приводит к идее, что... - The preceding discussion leads to the idea that...; The foregoing discussion gives an idea of...• Приведем теперь идею доказательства теорем 2 и 3. - Let us now give an idea on how to prove Theorems 2 and 3.• Проблема, которую мы обязаны позднее рассмотреть для применения данной идеи, состоит в том, что... - A problem that we must eventually face in making use of this concept is...• Простейшее доказательство базируется на идее, что... - The simplest proof rests on the concept of...• С самого начала физики приняли идею, что... - Prom the beginning, physicists have accepted the notion that...; From the outset, physicists have accepted the notion that...• Сделаем эти идеи более понятными, рассматривая... - Let us make these ideas clearer by considering...• Сейчас мы кратко изложим основную идею (чего-л). - Let us present in a nutshell the main idea behind...• Следовательно, мы могли бы принять за аксиому идею, что... - Therefore we may take as axiomatic the idea that...• Следовательно, следующим естественным шагом является идея, что... - It is thus a natural step to think of...• Следующим шагом было применение идеи... - The next step was to apply the idea of...• Смит [1] убедительно аргументирует против идеи, что... - Smith [1] argues effectively against the notion that...• Центральная идея, лежащая в основе этих утверждений, состоит в том, что... - The essential idea underlying these statements is that of...• Центральной идеей здесь является то, что... - The essential idea here is that...• Так лее просто эти идеи могут быть сформулированы (и) для... - These ideas can be formulated just as easily for...• Только что изложенная идея была использована, чтобы... - The idea just outlined has been used to...• Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...• Чрезвычайно близкие идеи используются для (= в)... - Precisely similar ideas are applicable to...• Чтобы конкретизировать эту идею, давайте... - То make this idea more concrete, let...• Чтобы упорядочить все эти идеи подходящим образом, мы... - In order to place these ideas in their proper framework, we...• Эйнштейн использовал (- применил) точно те же самые идеи в (= при рассмотрении)... - Einstein applied precisely the same ideas to...• Эта идея (= мысль) выражается более точно в... - This idea is expressed more precisely in...• Эта идея будет объясняться ниже. - This idea will be clarified below.• Эта идея одновременно самодостаточна и привлекательна, однако... - This idea is both self-contained and attractive, but...• Эта идея удивительно близка к... - This idea is remarkably close to...• Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает, что(бы)... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...• Эта простая, но все же глубокая идея... - This simple yet profound idea...• Эти идеи были развиты целым рядом авторов. - The material has been developed by a number of contributors.• Эти идеи получают немедленно приложение к/в... - These ideas have immediate application in...• Этим путем мы приходим к мысли (= идее) о... - In this way we arrive at the idea of...• Это весьма настойчиво подталкивает нас к идее, что... - This suggests quite strongly that...• Это заключение базируется на тех же идеях, которые приводят к... - This conclusion is based on the same ideas that lead to...• Это очевидным образом связано с известной и интуитивной идеей, что... - This is obviously related to the familiar and intuitive idea that...• Это приводит нас к идее постулировать существование... - This leads us to postulate the existence of...• Это фундаментальная идея, лежащая в основании (решения, процесса и т. п.)... - This is the fundamental idea behind...• Эту идею легко понять, однако... - The idea is easily understood, but... -
3 Garforth, William Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 1845 Dukinfield, Cheshire, Englandd. 1 October 1921 Pontefract, Yorkshire, England[br]English colliery manager, pioneer in machine-holing and the safety of mines.[br]After Menzies conceived his idea of breaking off coal with machines in 1761, many inventors subsequently followed his proposals through into the practice of underground working. More than one century later, Garforth became one of the principal pioneers of machine-holing combined with the longwall method of working in order to reduce production costs and increase the yield of coal. Having been appointed agent to Pope \& Pearson's Collieries, West Yorkshire, in 1879, of which company he later became Managing Director and Chairman, he gathered a great deal of experience with different methods of cutting coal. The first disc machine was exhibited in London as early as 1851, and ten years later a pick machine was invented. In 1893 he introduced an improved type of deep undercutting machine, his "diamond" disc coal-cutter, driven by compressed air, which also became popular on the European continent.Besides the considerable economic advantages it created, the use of machinery for mining coal increased the safety of working in hard and thin seams. The improvement of safety in mining technology was always his primary concern, and as a result of his inventions and his many publications he became the leading figure in the British coal mining industry at the beginning of the twentieth century; safety lamps still carry his name. In 1885 he invented a firedamp detector, and following a severe explosion in 1886 he concentrated on coal-dust experiments. From the information he obtained of the effect of stone-dust on a coal-dust explosion he proposed the stone-dust remedy to prevent explosions of coal-dust. As a result of discussions which lasted for decades and after he had been entrusted with the job of conducting the British coal-dust experiments, in 1921 an Act made it compulsory in all mines which were not naturally wet throughout to treat all roads with incombustible dust so as to ensure that the dust always consisted of a mixture containing not more than 50 per cent combustible matter. In 1901 Garforth erected a surface gallery which represented the damaged roadways of a mine and could be filled with noxious fumes to test self-contained breathing apparata. This gallery formed the model from which all the rescue-stations existing nowadays have been developed.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1914. LLD Universities of Birmingham and Leeds 1912. President, Midland Institute 1892–4. President, The Institution of Mining Engineers 1911–14. President, Mining Association of Great Britain 1907–8. Chairman, Standing Committee on Mining, Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Fellow of the Geological Society of London. North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers Greenwell Silver Medal 1907. Royal Society of Arts Fothergill Gold Medal 1910. Medal of the Institution of Mining Engineers 1914.Bibliography1901–2, "The application of coal-cutting machines to deep mining", Transactions of the Federated Institute of Mining Engineers 23: 312–45.1905–6, "A new apparatus for rescue-work in mines", Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 31:625–57.1902, "British Coal-dust Experiments". Paper communicated to the International Congress on Mining, Metallurgy, Applied Mechanics and Practical Geology, Dusseldorf.Further ReadingGarforth's name is frequently mentioned in connection with coal-holing, but his outstanding achievements in improving safety in mines are only described in W.D.Lloyd, 1921, "Memoir", Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 62:203–5.WKBiographical history of technology > Garforth, William Edward
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